Dawn Pisturino posted: " (Destruction of Dresden, 1945) [NOTE: A week ago, my father's ashes were interred with full military honors in a military cemetery in California. The ceremony included a three gun salute, a bugler playing "Taps," and the flag-folding ritual. Although " Dawn Pisturino's Blog
[NOTE: A week ago, my father's ashes were interred with full military honors in a military cemetery in California. The ceremony included a three gun salute, a bugler playing "Taps," and the flag-folding ritual. Although my father served during the Korean War, he never saw live action. Instead, he was sent to Cuba on a reconnaissance mission. My brother is also buried in a military cemetery and died of cancer at the age of forty. He was an Army medic and became a paramedic and German teacher after leaving the military. Memorial Day weekend marks the unofficial start of summer here in the United States. We honor all of our dead this weekend, but especially, those who have served, fought, and died protecting our country. War is hell, as any soldier will tell you, but sometimes, it is a necessary evil. Just ask the people of Ukraine, who are fighting for their lives, their country, their freedom, and their sovereignty as a nation. Please take a moment to remember all the soldiers who have given their lives to protect YOUR country.]
Allied Bombing of Dresden
The British RAF began dropping bombs on Dresden, Germany on February 13, 1945. Over the next few days, British and American Allies dropped approximately 4,000 tons of bombs onto the city, killing 25,000 people, and destroying the center of the city (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 2).
Prime Minister Winston Churchill questioned the attack, saying, "The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombing" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 2).
But, was the bombing justified?
Summary of Theories and Concepts of Pufendorf and Vattel
Pufendorf claimed that the enemy's aggression "allows me to use force against him to any degree, or so far as I may think desirable" (Glanville, 2018, pg. 152). He explained that the people fighting a defensive war may use any force to put an end to the threat against them, receive reparations, or "secure guarantees for [their] future security" (Glanville, 2018, pg. 152). It was not, he explained, a priority to gauge proportionality but to ensure "the defense and assertion of [their] safety, [their] property, and [their] rights" (Glanville, 2018, pg. 152). The people on the defensive, therefore, may use whatever means necessary to defeat the enemy.
Vattell, on the other hand, believed that "now the laws of nature being no less obligatory on nations than on individuals, whatever duties each man owes to other men, the same does each nation, in its way, owe to other nations. Such is the foundation of those common duties – of those offices of humanity – to which nations are reciprocally bound towards each other" (Christov, 2018, pg. 159). But he also allowed for the possibility of nations that would violate the law of nations and violate all the civilized rules of warfare: "If there were a people who made open profession of trampling justice under foot, -- who despised and violated the rights of others whenever they found an opportunity, -- the interest of human society would authorize all the other nations to form a confederacy in order to humble and chastise the delinquents . . .the safety of the human race requires that [such a nation] should be repressed" (Christov, 2018, pg. 160).
Was the Allied Bombing of Dresden Justified?
At the time of the bombing, the Eastern Front – "where Nazi Germany was defending [itself] against the advancing armies of the Soviet Union" – was only 155 miles from Dresden. According to Luckhurst (2020), Dresden "factories provided munitions, aircraft parts and other supplies for the Nazi war effort" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 3). It was a major city through which German "troops, tanks and artillery traveled through . . . by train and by road" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 3). The attack was intended to bolster Soviet efforts on the Eastern Front (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 3).
RAF planes were equipped with both "high explosive and incendiary bombs: the explosives would blast buildings apart, while the incendiaries would set the remains on fire, causing further destruction" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 4). The United States Air Force completed the attack with daylight bombings which were directed at the city's railway yards" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 4).
The Nazis denied that Dresden had any military function and exaggerated the death toll at 200,000 civilians. They claimed that Dresden "was only a city of culture" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 7).
Worldwide, Dresden was considered a tourist attraction. British Members of Parliament questioned the attack, and the Associated Press accused the Allies of using terrorism against the people of Dresden (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 7).
Allied military leaders defended the attack as necessary to further cripple Nazi Germany and end the war. A 1953 report done in the U.S. determined that "Dresden was a legitimate military target" (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 9), and the attack was no different from previous attacks on other German cities.
The debate continues, with some people viewing the bombing as immoral – possibly a war crime – and others defending it as necessary to help end the war with Germany (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 9).
My own view is that Pufendorf's and Vattel's theories both justify the bombing of Dresden. Pufendorf is correct when he says that the side waging a just war (in this case, the Allies) may use any means necessary to secure the peace and "secure guarantees for . . . future security" (Glanville, 2018, pg. 152). Nazi Germany was a rogue nation that had invaded other countries, murdered millions of people, and imposed authoritarian rule against the will of the people. They were guilty of "trampling justice under foot . . . [and] despised and violated the rights of others" (Christov, 2018, pg. 160), in Vattel's own words. So, Vattel is also correct when he says that "the interest of human society [should] authorize all the other nations to form a confederacy [in this case, the Allies] in order to humble and chastise the delinquents . . . the safety of the human race requires that [such a nation – the Germans] should be repressed" (Christov, 2018, pg. 160).
Is Preservation of Cultural or Artistic Enemy Cities Relevant in War – Or are they Secondary?
My personal view is that preserving cultural and artistic enemy cities is secondary because defending the safety of Allied nations, property, and human rights takes precedence and aligns with both Pufendorf's and Vattel's theories of just war and the right of self-defense. Germany was the aggressor. It was not the duty or priority of Allied forces to save their cultural and artistic centers (Christov, 2018, pg. 160; Glanville, 2018, pg. 152).
Is it Justifiable to Bomb a City to Weaken the Enemy Civilian Morale – Even if the City has Marginal Industrial Significance?
Although the Nazis claimed that Dresden was only a cultural center, the Allies considered it an important transportation center for the Nazis and sought to help Soviet forces on the Eastern Front by destroying it (Luckhurst, 2020, pg. 3). The bombing weakened civilian morale but also undermined the Nazi's efforts on the Eastern Front. Since civilians in Dresden supported the Nazi cause, they were also enemies of the Allied forces and subject to punishment by Allied war efforts. In my opinion, Vattel would have seen the bombing of Dresden as necessary "in order to humble and chastise the delinquents" (Christov, 2018, pg. 160).
Works Cited
Christov, T. (2018). Emer de vattel (1714-1767). In D.R. Brunstetter & C. O'Driscoll (Eds.),
Just war thinkers: From cicero to the 21st century (156-167). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge
Glanville, L. (2018). Samuel pufendorf (1632-1694). In D.R. Brunstetter & C. O'Driscoll (Eds.),
Just war thinkers: From cicero to the 21st century (144-155). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge
Luckhurst, T. (2020, February). Dresden: The world war two bombing 75 years on. BBC.com.
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